In the 1980s, NIST made significant advancements in quantum voltage standards using Josephson junctions. Richard Kautz discovered that an array of 5,000 junctions showed no voltage steps due to chaos theory. NIST and PTB developed the first practical 1-volt standard chip with 1,484 junctions, which became the workhorse for voltage calibration worldwide. NIST also created the first 10-volt chip, generating a stable quantized voltage above 10 volts. The chips were mounted in brass holders with waveguide holders and spring-finger boards to deliver microwaves.
Keywords: Josephson, Junctions, Voltage, Standard, Metrology
