NIST physicist Frances Lloyd developed a landmark voltage standard in the 1980s that relies on quantum physics to ensure precision. By creating superconducting microcircuits with tiny gaps between atoms, known as Josephson junctions, she established a reliable 10-volt reference. This work, presented in Tokyo in 1989, remains the international standard for measuring voltage today.
The standard was achieved through complex fabrication where circuits were built layer by layer in vacuum systems, requiring extreme patience and skill. This precise voltage reference supports accurate measurements for electronics and scientific tools, ensuring consistency across industries. By proving that quantum effects can be used for practical engineering, this work lays a foundation for the development of more advanced quantum technologies.
Keywords: Josephson junctions, superconducting microcircuits, voltage standard
