Quantum Technologies (RP 2026)

(A.) Policy and legislation

(A.1)   Policy objectives

Quantum Technologies (QT) include a variety of novel concepts with the aim to make use of quantum phenomena as a resource. This includes quantum sensing, quantum imaging, quantum metrology, quantum simulation, quantum communication and quantum computing, as well as quantum enabling technologies.  Quantum technologies allow engineering of novel devices and infrastructures with the promise of many new applications in a number of domains that can contribute to the solution of some of today’s most pressing social and economic challenges. These technologies enable capabilities beyond any classical technique. Examples include achieving higher sensitivity, lower power consumption and automatic higher security, maintenance-free quantum-referenced operation for more reliable industrial facilities, etc. Furthermore, QT pave the way for novel methods as for instance for earth surveys in times of climate change, exploration of natural resources as well as information transmission and processing, and, specifically, with respect to the last item, novel methods for unprecedented security in communication. QT-technology supply chains are emerging, QT-based applications are approaching the market. Those will be a pivotal factor for success in a wide and diverse range of industries and businesses. These technologies are vital to European independence and safety, as the field of information processing, storage, transmission and security at large is affected by them.

In 2018, the European Commission has launched its large-scale and long-term Quantum Flagship research ten-year initiative to support and foster the creation and development of a competitive European quantum technologies industry, as well as the consolidation and expansion of leadership and excellence in European quantum technology research. Along with this initiative, it is important to highlight the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking, where quantum computing plays a key role, as well as the EuroQCI initiative, aimed at deploying a Europe wide Quantum communication infrastructure.  

Quantum technologies are moving towards technological maturity and wider adoption. From the market perspective, one of the measures to achieve an accelerated development and uptake has been identified by the Quantum Flagship in its Strategic Research Agenda: the promotion of coordinated, dedicated standardisation and certification efforts. Currently, the industry is relatively fragmented with few to no standards in place. In order for the field to mature and to harmonize the European quantum supply chains through interoperability between different systems, technologies, ecosystems, and companies, standardisation is a crucial basis. The importance of standardisation has been also echoed by the Strategic Industry Roadmap produced by the European Quantum Industry Consortium.

Standardisation is indeed of paramount importance to facilitate the growth of new technologies, and the development of efficient and effective supply chains. The harmonisation of technologies, methodologies, and interfaces enables interoperable products, innovation, and competition, all leading to structuring and hence growth of markets. As indicated in the review “Towards European Standards for Quantum Technologies” that presents insights from the perspective of the CEN and CENELEC focus group on Quantum Technology (FGQT), as quantum technologies are maturing, time has come to start thinking about further standardisation needs. The deliverables from the FGQT, the Standardisation Roadmap on Quantum Technologies and Quantum Technologies Use Cases, have led to the establishment of the CEN-CENELEC Joint Technical Committee 22 (CEN/CLC/JTC 22) on quantum technologies. FGQT’s European Standardisation Roadmap on Quantum Technologies is being widely cited, e.g. in ISO/IEC’s own upcoming standardisation, related to the IEC-led ISO/IEC JTC 3 on quantum technologies, which mirrors the JTC 22 approach.

In the past, standardisation has often been perceived as standing in contradiction to innovation. On the contrary, standardisation is one of the most adequate and powerful tools to quickly capitalise and disseminate knowledge and have it implemented in the industry. That is to transfer research results to the market (e.g. methods to characterise quantum-enabling technologies, methods). In addition, the standardisation process, as such, is a knowledge sharing and knowledge production process because it serves as a common platform for actors with heterogeneous backgrounds, capacities and knowledge, i.e. research, industry, academia, public administration, and the wider society.

For the Quantum Technologies domain standardisation is not only about requirements setting a basis for certification, but can also address vocabularies, terminologies, quality benchmarks, models, exchange protocols, concerns the complete stack of the quantum devices, from low level hardware components to high level applications and others.

Standards bring along a number of benefits. They enable a reduction of costs and an improvement of efficiency, they define and defragment markets and harmonise supply chains, they ensure the quality, safety, and security of products and/or services, and support compliance with relevant legislation including EU regulations. Standards satisfy customer expectations and requirements, enable access to markets and to customers in other countries. Standards achieve compatibility and interoperability between products and components and increase knowledge about new technologies and innovations (see “Making Quantum Technology Ready for Industry”). Furthermore, proper standardisation and standardisation processes can be a game-changer for the development of the “Quantum” community. In quantum computing, for example, the interfaces dictate how different hardware components work with each other and how different software components interact with other software and hardware components. Without such interoperability there is no viable ecosystem as companies cannot fully specialize to offer their solution for the wider marketplace and they do not have full access to all relevant customers. Likewise, customers also lose as equipment purchased from different vendors follows different hardware or software standards, meaning that each new purchase means new work to integrate existing systems (a.k.a. “vendor lock-in”). 

As, for any new technology, standardisation will help to improve the quantum technologies by providing a common ground for the terminology, their key control characteristics, their performance, their measurement, their analysis and their comparison. Standardisation will also bring greatest benefits in the area of interoperability and enhanced cooperation. As interfaces are standardised, they become easier to access and companies can further specialize to produce certain parts of the overall stack. Standardisation is key to innovation, competitivity and adoption of quantum technologies. In spite of the many potential benefits that could derive from the standardisation of the various QT, the effort is currently mostly driven by scientists rather than by industry. This is mostly due to the fragmentation of the funding instruments, which often focus only on the academic sector. Indeed, one of the drives for standardisation in QT has been the dissemination of results from Academia. If the EU aims at fostering QT ecosystem, a standardisation strategy that supports the inclusion of Industry is needed.

Higher-TRL Research and Innovation projects should be encouraged to develop a standardisation strategy since the start of the project. Standardisation should not be an afterthought, but a contribution to market definition and development of harmonized supply chains together with others in the quantum industries. More specifically, EuroQCI, EuroHPC, and Chips JU grantees should get similar requirements on standardisation strategy, execution, and supply-chain harmonization. 

(A.2) EC perspective and progress report

The development of quantum technologies and infrastructures is a key objective of the 2030 Path to the Digital Decade policy programme. The Commission has set a specific target  for quantum (by 2025, the EU should have its first computer with quantum acceleration, paving the way for being at the cutting edge of quantum capabilities by 2030), and has proposed to set up a number of multi-country projects together with the MS (using the new instrument European Digital Infrastructure Consortium – EDICs) to ensure that this target is met. Standardisation will be key, especially to develop quantum infrastructures with interoperable (certified) quantum technologies.

In order to achieve the ambitious targets set, and to ensure that the EU can make full use of the transformative potential of quantum, a broad and ambitious strategic implementation approach is being put in place. It is based on the development of a thriving European quantum ecosystem and includes several closely interconnected pillars of activity (see Figure 1), as follows:

• Supporting research and innovation: The EU’s R&D plans in quantum technologies are funded under Horizon Europe and are based on the Strategic Research and Industry Agenda (SRIA) prepared by the Strategic Advisory Board of the Quantum Flagship, after consultations with more than 2000 quantum experts across Europe. The SRIA is structured in four main activity areas, i.e.: Communication, Computing, Simulation, and Sensing and Metrology.

The Flagship’s ramp-up phase covered the period 2018-2020 and was funded under H2020 with EUR 150 million. This phase made it possible to finance 24 projects and has resulted in some impressive achievements, such as a proof-of-concept for building a scalable European quantum computer based on trapped ion technology, and the development of the next generation of atomic-based programmable quantum simulators (see also EuroHPC Joint Undertaking). Thanks to the progress made by the Flagship, today several EU-based start-up companies are now offering quantum computing and quantum simulation products commercially.

The second phase of the flagship, funded under Horizon Europe (HE), aims to continue the maturing of the quantum technologies platforms developed during the ramp-up phase and to achieve the transfer of research results from the labs to industry and real-life applications. The first projects under HE started their activities before the end of 2022.

Moreover, several European quantum infrastructure development and deployment initiatives, which are described in more detail below, will provide numerous standardisation opportunities to further integrate and mature the R&D results of the Flagship, notably in the fields of quantum computing and quantum communication.

Regarding quantum sensing, the Flagship has kick-started the industrialisation of next-generation quantum sensing devices in Europe, including establishing a pilot line for testing and sensing, developed and operated by a network of RTOs. The further maturation of the pilot lines and their integration with the standard semiconductor process is foreseen in the chips act initiative that is kick-starting the quantum pilot lines in 2025/2026. This also leads to the creation of a single testing and experimentation facility throughout the Union, bringing together the classical microelectronics with the quantum facilities.

• Investing in a pan-European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI): EuroQCI is proposed to be part of the Secure Connectivity Programme. It is about developing an ultra-secure end-to-end quantum communication infrastructure combining the best of quantum and traditional cyber-security technologies in order to protect critical data and communications all over the EU, using both ground- and space-based technologies. Europe should require the grantees of R&I projects to develop and execute their standardisation strategies, to effectively contribute to the European industry-politics interest, including harmonized European supply chains.
• Investing in quantum computers and hybrid super- and quantum computers in EuroHPC: The EuroHPC Joint Undertaking will support at least two generations of advanced quantum computers and simulators, interconnected with the EuroHPC supercomputing facilities, as part of a European federated computing infrastructure. The Joint Undertaking is already working on the integration of a European quantum simulator within its supercomputing infrastructure, and has announced the selection of six sites for the development of quantum computers. This initiative, initially launched with a call for expressions of interest aimed at bringing into service at least three quantum computers, will now fund six projects with a total allocation of up to EUR 80 million. The goal remains to incorporate as many different quantum technologies developed within the EU as possible, reflecting the commitment to advancing Europe’s leadership in quantum computing. Europe should require the grantees of R&I projects to develop and execute their standardisation strategies, to effectively contribute to the European industry-politics interest, including harmonized European supply chains.
• Investing in quantum chips under the Chips Act: Quantum is an integral part of our new and ambitious Chips Act Initiative, of which the goals include fostering technology and engineering capacity for quantum chips in the EU. The Chips Act Initiative will leverage pilot lines to scale up manufacturing and accelerate the integration of the design and manufacturing of quantum chips with the established microelectronics industry’s mass-market fabrication processes. We will also take advantage of the ‘Chips Fund’, to invest in quantum start-ups. Europe should require the grantees of R&I projects to develop and execute their standardisation strategies, to effectively contribute to the European industry-politics interest, including harmonized European supply chains. 
• Forging international cooperation: this key area of the Flagship is reflected in its openness to collaboration with like-minded global partners, when there is reciprocity and a commitment to achieving mutual benefits. This collaboration is to take place in a spirit of fairness, without unjustified restrictions on the sharing of intellectual property and key technologies (e.g. recent calls with Canada for basic research in quantum, funded with a contribution from the EU side of EUR 4 million, and with Japan for quantum computing research, funded with a contribution from the EU side of EUR 4 million). Discussions for cooperation with the Republic of Korea have also take shape, as part of the digital partnership agreement with this country.
• Education, training, skilling and reskilling initiatives funded under DEP, such as a pan-European Master’s courses at a number of universities, which will help to produce the next generation of quantum researchers, and programmes of shorter course which will enable existing members of the workforce to discover the potential of quantum. Interactions are also taking place with the USA.

In addition to the above activities, many EU MS (notably Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, and Spain) have launched national quantum programmes, and it is estimated that at least EUR 4 billion is due to be invested in quantum at national level in Europe in the first half of the current decade. In addition, a number of MS are also using their RRF plans to invest in quantum, where the overall level of planned investments between now and the end of 2026 is estimated to be of at least EUR 1 billion.

(A.3) References

• COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) 2021/1173 on establishing the European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking and repealing Regulation (EU) 2018/1488
• REGULATION (EU) 2021/695 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL establishing Horizon Europe – the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, laying down its rules for participation and dissemination, and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1290/2013 and (EU) No 1291/2013
• REGULATION (EU) 2021/694 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL establishing the Digital Europe Programme and repealing Decision (EU) 2015/2240

(B.) Requested actions 

Action 1:  CEN & CENELEC JTC22 to continue their standardisation work on the most recent topics for quantum technology that were suggested by the Focus Group on Quantum Technologies and their published standardisation roadmap. 

Action 2: SDOs should develop standards for supply chains for modular quantum computers and communication architectures, and their enabling technologies. Initially the focus should be on QT research infrastructure, evolving towards QT commercial infrastructure

Action 3: In the MSP, initiate the creation of an intelligent Dashboard to support SMEs, in which the existing standards as well the work relating to quantum technologies of the main standardisation bodies are presented. The dashboard will facilitate SMEs to identify relevant open-source projects in the field of Quantum Computing and Communications, e.g. providing tools for testing, benchmarking etc.

Action 4: SDOs to set up processes for eliciting industry standardisation needs, and industry alliances to coordinate their experts’ efforts to contribute to standardisation.

Action 5:  SDOs should further increase their coordination efforts in Europe and internationally around Quantum Technologies standardisation in order to avoid overlap or unnecessary duplication of efforts, and to strengthen the visibility and influence of EU priorities in global standardisation fora.

Action 6: SDOs should appropriately consider the effect of quantum computing and Quantum communication technologies on cybersecurity and provide an overview and analyse whether new standards or updates of existing standards on security and privacy are required. Beyond the migration to PQC (TR 103 619), work should encompass benchmarking activities, as well as work on QKD for long-term confidentiality for those use cases requiring such capability, acknowledging that QKD remains a longer-term solution with significant deployment and infrastructure challenges.

Action 7: SDOs should devote specific attention to the standardisation processes (public documents) and existing or future sectorial export control legislation.

Action 8: The EuroQCI should cooperate with SDOs to create the necessary pre-standards/standards for the commercial quantum communication technology in synergy with the specific requirements that are being explored for a certification of the technology.

Action 9: The EuroHPC Joint Undertaking should cooperate with SDOs to create the necessary pre-standards/standards  for quantum computing technology in synergy with the specific requirements that are being explored for a certification of the technology.

Action 10: The Chips Joint Undertaking should cooperate with SDOs to create the necessary pre-standards/standards for quantum chips, ensuring alignment with emerging hardware architectures, control systems, and error correction requirements, in synergy with the specific requirements that are being explored for a certification of the technology.

Action 11: CEN-CENELEC JTC22 continue its work to establish benchmarking frameworks for evaluating the performance and quality of algorithmic outputs from quantum computers, ensuring these benchmarks evolve with advancements in hardware and software and align with ongoing standardisation efforts in testing, validation, and certification.

Action 12: SDOs should work towards developing standardised quantum computing programming frameworks. These standards should foster interoperability, reducing fragmentation across different platforms.

Action 13: ESOs should closely coordinate to assure proper complementarity, to prevent duplication of European work, and to limit dilution of the currently scarce European pool of quantum standardisation experts.

Action 14: EC DG CNECT should assure that funding of higher-TRL quantum-technology development includes the requirement to projects of developing and executing a standardisation strategy as part of their supply-chains and market development.

Action 15: EuroQCI, and quantum projects under EuroHPC and the Chips JU should include the requirement to grantees of developing and executing a standardisation strategy as part of their supply-chains and market development.

Action 16: EuroQCI, and quantum projects under the EuroHPC and Chips JU should enable and stimulate active contribution of results into European standardisation.

(C.) Activities and additional information 

(C.1) Related standardisation activities

CEN-CENELEC

JTC22 

JTC22 was founded early 2023, following up on the first release of the European Standardisation Roadmap on Quantum Technologies, developed by CEN-CENELEC FGQT. JTC22 closely coordinates with IEC-ISO JTC3, EURAMET EMN-Q, ETSI, GSMA, QuIC, EuroQCI, EuroHPC and other. The work of JTC22 is executed in four working groups (WG) and numerous project groups within those.

• WG1: Strategic Advisory Group
• JTC22 roadmap – release 1.1 (Publication 2025Q3)
• European coordination for JTC3
• JTC22 Visibility

WG2: Quantum Metrology, Sensing and Enhanced Imaging, and Quantum Enabling Technologies

• EN: Quantum technologies — Characterization of quantum technologies — Metrics and terminology (transfer to IEC-ISO JTC3 is planned)
• EN: Traveling Wave Parametric Amplifiers
• EN: RF & DC lines cabling components down to ultra-low temperature
• EN: Entangled Photon-Pair Sources
• EN: Ion traps
• EN: Color Centers

WG3: Quantum Computing and Simulation

• TR: Layer model of Quantum Computing (Publication 2025Q3)
• TR: Performance benchmarks of quantum computing applications
• TR: Hybridization of Quantum Computing
• TR: Cryogenic Solid-State Quantum Computing; Part 1: Descriptions and functional requirements of modules

WG4: Quantum Communication and Quantum Cryptography

• TR: Quantum network best practices
• TR: QKD and PQC – An equitable analysis and comparison of both technologies
• TR: Gap analysis of current quantum communication and quantum cryptography standards
• TR: Roadmap for quantum communication technologies in space
• TR: Gaps in IT security evaluation of components for QKD networks
• TR: Quantum communication network

ETSI 

ETSI ISG QKD: 

QKD, https://www.etsi.org/committee/1430-qkd) was the first forum aiming to standardise quantum communication technologies. Founded in 2008 by members mostly from Europe, global representation has grown, including from the USA, Canada, South Korea and Japan, in addition to the main actors in QKD within Europe. Increasingly, application vendors and service providers are also represented. Its members are focused on standardisation to support the creation of products and services that include QKD or consume QKD keys.

Addressing the security of QKD systems from which networks can be constructed is a priority. It developed a framework within which QKD protocols can be constructed with an associated security proof in GS QKD 005 “Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Security Proofs”, (https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/qkd/001_099/005/01.01.01_60/gs_qkd005v010101p.pdf). Fundamental aspects of “Implementation Security of Quantum Cryptography” were addressed in ETSI White Paper No. 27. GS QKD 016 “Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Common Criteria Protection Profile – Pair of Prepare and Measure Quantum Key Distribution Modules”, (https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/QKD/001_099/016/01.01.01_60/gs_QKD016v010101p.pdf) is an initial Common Criteria (https://www.noraonline.nl/wiki/ISO/IEC_15408) Protection Profile ETSI GS QKD 016 v2.1.1 was published in January 2024 and certified by BSI (BSI-CC-PP-0120-2024) in December 2023 (etsi.orgetsi.org). This is an important step within the security certification scheme, but further deliverables are envisaged to support QKD product certifications and acceptance as a high-security technology in a broad market. The important issue of authentication within QKD links is being analysed.

GR QKD 003 “Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Components and Internal Interfaces”, (https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gr/QKD/001_099/003/02.01.01_60/gr_qkd003v020101p.pdf) describes components and interfaces within QKD systems. GS QKD 011 “Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Component characterization: characterizing optical components for QKD systems” (https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/qkd/001_099/011/01.01.01_60/gs_qkd011v010101p.pdf) specifies optical characterisation methods for important components. These are intended to help develop component supply chains and the characterisation of complete QKD modules are being addressed next, since such characterisations are important in security evaluations. Previously module security was addressed in GS QKD 008 “Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); QKD Module Security Specification”, (https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/qkd/001_099/008/01.01.01_60/gs_qkd008v010101p.pdf).

GS QKD 002 “Quantum Key Distribution; Use Cases” (https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/qkd/001_099/002/01.01.01_60/gs_qkd002v010101p.pdf) describes early use cases for QKD and GS QKD 012 “Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Device and Communication Channel Parameters for QKD Deployment” (https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/QKD/001_099/012/01.01.01_60/gs_QKD012v010101p.pdf) important parameters for deployments. An analysis of existing approaches to network architecture is underway but ISG QKD has concentrated mainly on specifying fundamental interfaces for interoperability, such as delivery of keys (GS QKD 004 “Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Application Interface”, https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/QKD/001_099/004/02.01.01_60/gs_qkd004v020101p.pdf and GS QKD 014 “Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Protocol and data format of REST-based key delivery API”, https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/QKD/001_099/014/01.01.01_60/gs_qkd014v010101p.pdf), and control and orchestration in Software Defined Networks (GS QKD 015 “Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Control Interface for Software Defined Networks”, https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/QKD/001_099/015/02.01.01_60/gs_QKD015v020101p.pdf and GS QKD 018 “Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Orchestration Interface for Software Defined Networks”, https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/QKD/001_099/018/01.01.01_60/gs_QKD018v010101p.pdf). Specifications are also under development for a REST-based Interoperable Key Management System API (DGS/QKD-020_InteropKMS) and corresponding SDN orchestration (DGS/QKD-021_OrchInterKMS). Improving use of vocabulary is an ongoing effort, in part via GR QKD 007 “Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Vocabulary” (https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gr/QKD/001_099/007/01.01.01_60/gr_qkd007v010101p.pdf).

• TC CYBER WG QSC: (Quantum-Safe Cryptography) mostly work on PQC, addressing security issues to protect cryptographic techniques from quantum threats. It develops recommendations and specifications for the transition to quantum-safe Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
• WG QSC focus is on the practical implementation of quantum safe primitives, including performance considerations, implementation capabilities, protocols, benchmarking and practical architectural considerations for specific applications. WG QSC work does not include the development of cryptographic primitives.
• WG QSC work supports Action 6. Work covers the migration to PQC (TR 103 619) and the specification of Quantum-Safe Hybrid Key Exchanges. (TC CYBER WG QSC publications and TC CYBER WG QSC work programme).
• TC QUANTUM: (Quantum Technologies) is being discussed by the ETSI board, and membership has asked for input on this potential new ETSI TC. Close coordination with CEN-CENELEC JTC22 is envisioned to prevent major duplications or dilution of the scare European quantum experts pool.

ITU

ITU’s work has been concentrated mainly in the area of quantum communication and more generally has been limited to implications of quantum technologies on communication and communication networks. The work on QKD networks and Quantum Enhanced Networking is led by ITU-T Study Group 13 (“Future networks and emerging network technologies”, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/about/groups/Pages/sg13.aspx) and ITU-T Study Group 17 (“Security”,https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/about/groups/Pages/sg17.aspx). Some work on quantum random number generation has also been carried out in SG17. SG13 published 15 Recommendations and three Supplements on QKDN as follows:

• Recommendation ITU-T 3800 “Overview on networks supporting quantum key distribution”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3801 “Functional requirements for quantum key distribution networks”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3802 “Quantum key distribution networks – Functional architecture”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3803 “Quantum key distribution networks – Key management”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3804 “Quantum key distribution networks – Control and management”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3805 “Quantum Key Distribution Networks – Software Defined Networking Control”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3806 “Quantum key distribution networks – Requirements for quality of service assurance”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3807 “Quantum Key Distribution networks – QoS parameters”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3808 “Framework for integration of quantum key distribution network and secure storage network”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3809 “A role-based model in quantum key distribution networks deployment”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3810 “Quantum key distribution network interworking – Framework”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3811 “Quantum key distribution networks – Functional architecture for quality of service assurance”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3812 “Quantum key distribution networks – Requirements for machine learning based quality of service assurance”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3813 “Quantum key distribution networks interworking – functional requirements”;
• Recommendation ITU-T 3814 “Quantum key distribution networks – functional requirements and architecture for machine learning enablement”;
• Supplement ITU-T Sup70 to Y.3800-series “Quantum Key Distribution Networks – Applications of Machine Learning”;
• Supplement ITU-T Sup74 to Y.3000-series “Standardisation roadmap on Quantum Key Distribution Networks”;
• Supplement ITU-T Sup75 to Y.3800-series “Quantum key distribution networks – Quantum-Enabled Future Networks”.

ITU SG17 (security) studies security framework for quantum information technologies and published 10 Recommendations in ITU-T X.1700-series to enable the integration of quantum information into large-scale ICT networks. SG17 continues to develop security guidance for quantum key distribution network interworking, quantum safe communication, and migration to Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC).

The ITU-T Focus Group on Quantum Information Technology for Networks (FG-QIT4N, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/qit4n/Pages/default.aspx) studied the evolution of quantum information technologies in view of their foreseen applications in ICT networks. The group was conducting exploratory ‘pre-standardisation’ studies to identify emerging standardisation demands and anticipate demands to arise in future.

The FG-QIT4N was established in September 2019 to provide a collaborative platform for interested stakeholders – such as researchers, engineers, practitioners, entrepreneurs and policy makers – to share knowledge, best practices and lessons learned to take full advantage of the ability and potential of QIT in networks.

The Focus Group had been organised as follows: two main research groups – one dedicated to Quantum Key Distribution Networks (QKDN), one dedicated to Quantum Information Networks (QIN) that are beyond QKDN – and a management group The term of the FGQIT4N expired in December 2021 and resulted in nine deliverables / reports, published in the ITU-T Focus Group Publications (https://www.itu.int/pub/T-FG).

Based on outcomes of FG-QIT4N, ITU-T SG11 developed signalling requirements and protocols for QKDN, including protocol framework and specific interfaces, as follows:.

• 4160: Quantum key distribution networks – Protocol framework
• 4161: Protocols for Ak interfaces for quantum key distribution networks
• 4162: Protocols for Kq-1 interfaces for quantum key distribution networks
• 4163: Protocols for Kx interfaces for quantum key distribution networks
• 4164: Protocols for Ck interfaces for quantum key distribution networks

Currently, SG11 is developing protocol framework and other interfaces for QKDN (Cq, Mk, KM).

More info: https://itu.int/go/tsg11.

The Joint Coordination Activity on Quantum Key Distribution Network (JCA-QKDN) was established in late 2022 to actively engage relevant ITU-T study groups, external organizations and fora with active work related to QKDN standardisation and maintains a standardisation roadmap for QKDN that includes a database on related standards. More information: http://itu.int/en/ITU-T/jca/qkdn

ISO/IEC JTC 1 and IEC/ISO JTC 3

ISO and IEC initiated all quantum technology standardisation activities within the Joint Technical Committee JTC 1, specifically in ISO/IEC JTC 1/WG 14 on Quantum Information Technology, with the exception of security certification for QKD systems, which is handled by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27/WG 3. 

Following the establishment of the new Joint Technical Committee IEC/ISO JTC 3 on Quantum Technologies in 2024, the activities of JTC 1/WG 14 were transferred to JTC 3, and JTC 1/WG 14 was subsequently disbanded. 

ISO/IEC 4879:2024 “Information Technology — Quantum Computing — Vocabulary” (https://www.iso.org/standard/80432.html) and ISO/IEC AWI TR 18157 “Information Technology — Introduction to Quantum Computing” (currently under development, https://www.iso.org/standard/85203.html) were assigned to JTC 3. As of 28 February 2025, the draft has been approved for Committee Draft (CD) registration (stage 20.99) and is moving toward publication (expected Q1 2026, dps.gov.al). 

• JTC 1/SC 27/WG 3 “Security Evaluation, Testing, and Specification” developed ISO/IEC 23837 “Information Security — Security Requirements, Test and Evaluation Methods for Quantum Key Distribution,” a multipart standard based on ISO/IEC 15408 (Common Criteria). Part 1 “Requirements” (https://www.iso.org/standard/77097.html) and Part 2 “Evaluation and Testing Methods” (https://www.iso.org/standard/77309.html) were published in 2023. 
• The now-disbanded IEC SEG 14, an IEC/SMB Standardisation Evaluation Group on quantum technologies, recommended the establishment of JTC 3.

IEEE

The U.S. Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C) and international counterparts have expressed interest to IEEE in developing standards appropriate for the emerging quantum information market (“Quantum Initiative Support for Standards”). According to IEEE, quantum information standards are likely to evolve over time from informal efforts to formal specifications (IEEE “Developing standards”). A formal, international quantum standard starts when companies or individuals working in an area approach IEEE with a proposal called a Project Authorization Request (PAR). Active IEEE quantum standards projects include:

• IEEE P7130, Quantum Technologies Definitions: This standard is related to specific terminology for quantum technologies, establishing definitions necessary to facilitate clarity and understanding to enable interoperability and compatibility. 
• IEEE P1943, Post-Quantum Network Security
• IEEE P3172, Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration
• IEEE P3185, Hybrid Quantum-Classical Computing
• IEEE P3329, Quantum Computing Energy Efficiency

For more information, see https://ieee-sa.imeetcentral.com/eurollingplan/.

IETF

Some IETF protocols rely upon cryptographic mechanisms that are considered secure given today’s “classical computers” but would be vulnerable to attacks by a Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computer (CRQC). These mechanisms rely upon algorithms based on integer factorization or the discrete logarithm problem. Active work is underway to develop and validate PQC mechanisms that are expected to be resilient to the cryptanalysis capabilities of future CRQCs (e.g., CFRG, US NIST). Select IETF WGs (e.g., LAMPS, TLS, IPSECME, COSE) have already begun standardising revised protocol behaviours. The focus of the Post-Quantum Use In Protocols Working Group is to support this growing body of work in the IETF to facilitate the evolution of IETF protocols and document associated operational guidance with respect to PQC.

The WG will provide a standing venue to discuss PQC (operational and engineering) transition issues and experiences to date relevant to work in the IETF. The WG will also provide a venue of last resort to discuss PQC-related issues in IETF protocols that have no associated maintenance WGs. This WG will not update existing protocols, specify new protocols, define new cryptographic mechanisms, or assess whether a given cryptographic mechanism is quantum-resistant.

(C.2) Other activities related to standardisation

IRTF: Quantum Internet Research Group

The Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) has hosted the Quantum Internet Research Group (QIRG) since the IETF 101 meeting in March 2018. The QIRG has no official membership and participation is open to everybody. The Research Group communicates primarily through its mailing list which can be freely subscribed and posted to. The entire mailing list archive is publicly available online. The QIRG also holds two or three meetings per year, virtually or in-person, usually at the IETF meetings. The scope of the QIRG’s work is defined in its charter. A key goal of the QIRG is the development of an architectural framework delineating network node roles and definitions that will serve as the first step toward a quantum network architecture. However, it is important to note that the QIRG focuses on fully entanglement-based quantum networks. QKD and trusted repeater networks are also often discussed, but usually in the context of being a stepping stone towards such a full quantum internet. The QIRG, just like all the other IRTF Research Groups, does not work on standards. It is instead focused on developing research collaborations and teamwork in exploring research issues related to the Internet. Nevertheless, the Research Group does also work on producing technical documents on quantum networks. Currently, the research group is working on two documents:

• Architectural Principles for a Quantum Internet – now published as RFC9340.
• Application Scenarios for the Quantum Internet.

Since quantum networks are so different when compared to classical networking, the QIRG is also focused on educating the classical networking community on this new subject. In addition to discussions on the mailing list, the QIRG also hosts seminars with speakers from both industry and academia. So far three such seminars have taken place:

• “Practical Quantum Networking at Room Temperature” by Mehdi Namazi (Qunnect Inc.)
• “Genuine and Optimized Entanglement-Based Quantum Networks” by Wolfgang Dür (University of Innsbruck),
• “Building Quantum Networks at the Local-Area Scale” by Marc Kaplan (VeriQloud)
• https://wiki.ietf.org/en/group/iab/Multi-Stake-Holder-Platform#h-3111-quantum-technologies

European Quantum Industry Consortium (QuIC)

The European Quantum Industry Consortium (QuIC, https://www.euroquic.org/) is a European not-for-profit business association aiming to build a strong, vibrant ecosystem between business actors and leading research and technology organisations in the Quantum Technology domain. QuIC believes that only a strong and unified quantum technology community in Europe will be able to succeed in the current global race to become the center of the next technological revolution. QuIC organises the work toward its objectives in  Working Groups. As QUIC is the voice of quantum industry in Europe, the Standards Working Group (WG4) aims to become the unified voice of quantum industry in Europe on standardisation issues. It will provide a single point of contact to voice the needs for standardisation from the industry to decision makers, politics, and standardisation bodies.

The Standards Working Group (WG4) intends to:

• foster communication between the QuIC members and the Standardisation bodies and facilitate the creation and interchange of information. Within this realm, WG4 will organise communication events with SDOs and other relevant Groups to build awareness and promote standardisation activities for Quantum technologies among the members of the QuIC;
• set up a methodology and the tools for eliciting the standardisation needs coming from the Industrial members of the QuIC and communicate these needs with the SDOs.
• develop a living document “State-of-the-art on standardisation activities in Quantum Technologies”. The document will present among the others the updated information on the activities of SDOs and the upcoming standards;
• create twinning activities with the other Working Groups of QuIC
• Support QuIC in running projects such as QUCATS.

WG4 will not set up standards, since its role will be supportive of SDOs activities.

EURAMET EMN-Q: quantum metrology coordination

A group of European National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) have recently created a European Metrology Network for Quantum Technologies (EMN-Q, www.euramet.org/quantum-technologies) under the auspices of EURAMET (https://www.euramet.org/) to tackle this technological paradigm shift. Large companies, as well as start-ups, have started to develop and engineer quantum devices or begun to integrate them into their products: the commercial success of QT, together with progress in research and development, relies on certification and reliability built upon internationally agreed standards and metrological traceability.

Therefore, the objective of the EMN-Q is to coordinate the activities of the European NMIs to ensure their efficient support for European competitiveness in quantum technologies. A special focus of the EMN-Q will be to develop new measurement capabilities and dedicated services to serve the rapidly-growing needs of industry and research institutions in this field.

Industry, governmental agencies, academic sectors or any other type of stakeholder are welcome to contact the EMN-Q and discuss their metrology needs. These can relate not only to quantum characteristics of quantum devices, but also to metrology of key enabling technologies, metrology that can improve the supply chain of industrial quantum devices or other industrial needs connected with quantum technologies.

The commitment of the EMN-Q is to become the unique contact point to stakeholders interested in metrology for quantum technologies by:

• contributing to standardisation & certification of quantum technologies;
• promoting the take-up of metrology in the development of these technologies;
• supporting industrial needs in synergy with the technological objectives of the EC Quantum Flagship and national quantum technology programs;
• promoting the use of quantum measurement techniques where advantageous for “classical” technical areas.

The EMN-Q is developing Roadmaps and a Strategic Research Agenda to identify priorities for research by Europe’s national metrology institutes and designated institutes and to identify collaboration partners for such research.

The European Metrology Network (EMN) for Quantum Technologies will support the integration of measurement science with quantum technologies in three sections: Quantum Clocks and Atomic Sensors, Quantum Electronics and Quantum Photonics.

(C.3) Additional information

StandICT.eu: EU funding for ICT standardisation

The StandICT.eu 2023 project (https://standict.eu/about) and its successors are Coordination and Support Actions of the EU Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe framework programme. It started in Sept. 2020 and has as its “(…) central goal to ensure a neutral, reputable, pragmatic and fair approach to support European and Associated states presence in the international ICT standardisation scene“. To this goal, the project issues  open calls with funding opportunities for European experts in several strategic fields, including the field of Quantum Technologies. In the past,  the StandICT project has supported an editor of the FGQT’s Quantum Technologies Standardisation Roadmap, as well as some work in CEN-CENELEC JTC22.

QUCATS

QUCATS is a Coordination and Support Action of the EU Horizon Europe framework programme. It started in May 2022 and it has a whole work-package dedicated to Standardisation. Specifically, QUCATS sponsors the chairmanship of CEN-CENELEC JTC22, and coordinates about standardisation with leaderships in monthly touchpoints with JTC22, EuroQCI, EuroHPC, QuIC, and the EC.

EuroQCI-CSA

In 2022 the CSA project PETRUS was launched coordinating the first deployment of national EuroQCI projects and started preparing the large-scale QKD testing and certification infrastructure.

EISMEA-StanQuTe

EISMEA-StanQuTe is a DIN-AFNOR-led funding of quantum experts, focused on contributions and leadership of ongoing quantum standardisation work in the working groups of CEN-CENELEC JTC22.

Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Pilot

Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA), as part of Horizon Europe, are uniquely positioned to act as a bridge between academic research and industrial and societal needs. MSCA fund cutting-edge research, including in emerging technologies where pre-standardisation efforts are most valuable, and with their focus on excellence in doctoral and postdoctoral training, transferrable skills development, intersectoral mobility and industry involvement, MSCA-funded projects can become key vehicles in embedding standardisation into the research and innovation lifecycle. Given the instrumental role that MSCA can play, this pilot aims to identify practical steps to better and more systematically integrate standardisation into relevant MSCA projects.